Identify two common side effects of opioids.

Opioids are powerful medications used for pain management, but they also come with a range of side effects due to their impact on the central nervous system and gastrointestinal function. Among these, constipation and drowsiness are particularly recognized as common side effects.

Constipation is a frequent side effect of opioids because these medications slow down the motility of the gastrointestinal tract. They bind to the receptors in the gut and inhibit peristalsis, leading to decreased bowel movements and difficulty in passing stools.

Drowsiness, or sedation, is another well-known side effect associated with opioid use. Opioids produce their analgesic effects by interacting with specific receptors in the brain that also regulate alertness and consciousness. As a result, individuals taking opioids often experience increased levels of sedation, which can affect their ability to perform tasks that require full cognitive function.

These two side effects highlight the balance that needs to be struck in pain management using opioids, as the advantages of pain relief must be weighed against the potential for side effects that can significantly impact a patient's quality of life.